Keyword: comparative education

ABSTRACT: The development of artificial intelligence in education has outpaced the institutionalisation of policies governing its use, accountability, and implementation. Cross-national scholarship remains dominated by discussions of adoption, pedagogical opportunities, and ethical risks, while variation in policy enactment across national education systems remains underexplained. This study examines artificial intelligence policy enactment in Indonesia, Finland, and South Korea through a comparative qualitative policy analysis of 22 core and supporting policy documents. The analysis focused on policy orientation, the locus of enactment authority, regulatory-ethical institutionalisation, and implementation mode. The findings show that the main differences across the three systems do not lie in technology adoption itself, but in the logic through which policy is enacted. Indonesia demonstrates capacity-led enactment shaped by gradual implementation and teacher capacity building. Finland demonstrates regulatory-literacy enactment mediated by education providers and structured through regulation, ethics, and AI literacy. South Korea demonstrates scaled rollout enactment driven by state direction, infrastructure support, and personalised learning reform. The study proposes a three-part typology comprising capacity-led enactment, regulatory-literacy enactment, and scaled rollout enactment, and argues that cross-national variation in artificial intelligence policy in education is best explained through the arrangement of authority, regulatory-ethical institutionalisation, and implementation instruments.

ABSTRACT: This study compares the preprimary education systems of Singapore and Ethiopia, two nations with contrasting socioeconomic and legislative environments. Using a comparative analysis that integrates both quantitative and qualitative data, the research identifies discrepancies in accessibility, curriculum, teacher training, infrastructure, and policy efficacy. It fills a research gap by comparing ECE in a developed and developing nation, contextualizing global best practices for resource-limited settings. Ethiopia’s gradual progress (20% to 60% coverage, 2016–2025) reflects external collaboration and bottom-up approaches, but it lacks structural changes. The findings reveal significant gaps in essential resources, particularly textbook shortages, which hinder learning outcomes, and concerns about teacher expertise, highlighting the need for improved professional development programs. In contrast, Singapore’s coordinated curricula and nearly universal enrollment demonstrate astute investment and efficient regulation. Key findings reveal divergent long-term effects, values, and resource investments. While Singapore’s model offers insights into standards and technology utilization, recommendations emphasize Ethiopia’s need for additional funding and teacher professional development. The report underscores the importance of policy convergence with Sustainable Development Goal 4 to ensure inclusive early childhood care and education (ECCE) worldwide.