Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024)
Educational Point, 2(2), 2025, e130, https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
Publication date: Oct 16, 2025
ABSTRACT
This longitudinal study examines the volatility and crisis resilience of adult lifelong learning participation in South Korea over an 18-year period, elucidating complex dynamics that transcend simple linear growth patterns. Drawing on nationally representative data from the Korean Survey of Lifelong Learning Individual Participation (KEDI, 2007-2024) covering 99,327 adults, this study applied crisis-response analytical frameworks to elucidate participation fluctuations. Empirical analysis revealed significant volatility with participation rates fluctuating from 29.8% (2007) to 33.1% (2024), experiencing peaks of 41.7% (2019) and dramatic declines during the COVID-19 pandemic (40.0% to 28.5%, 2020-2022). While generational and regional disparities demonstrated convergence during stable periods, they exhibited expansion during crises, revealing differential vulnerability patterns. These findings challenge prevailing assumptions about linear progress in lifelong learning development and underscore the critical importance of building crisis-resilient adult education systems.
KEYWORDS
lifelong learning volatility crisis resilience adult education policy Korea participation fluctuations pandemic response
CITATION (APA)
Yoo, S. J. (2025). Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024). Educational Point, 2(2), e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
Harvard
Yoo, S. J. (2025). Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024). Educational Point, 2(2), e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
Vancouver
Yoo SJ. Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024). Educational Point. 2025;2(2):e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
AMA
Yoo SJ. Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024). Educational Point. 2025;2(2), e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
Chicago
Yoo, Sun Joo. "Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024)". Educational Point 2025 2 no. 2 (2025): e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
MLA
Yoo, Sun Joo "Resilience and volatility in lifelong learning participation: A crisis-response analysis of South Korea’s 18-year journey (2007-2024)". Educational Point, vol. 2, no. 2, 2025, e130. https://doi.org/10.71176/edup/17291
REFERENCES
- Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what? Ecosystems, 4(8), 765-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9
- Choi, S., Yoo, I., Kim, D., An, S., Sung, Y., & Kim, C. (2023). The moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between academic stress and school adjustment in Korean students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.941129
- Cross, K. P. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. Jossey-Bass.
- Di Pietro, G., & Karpiński, Z. (2021). COVID-19 and online adult learning. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/886741
- Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
- Han, S., & Choi, S. (2014). Adult education in Korea: Key issues and current challenges. Andragogical Studies, 2(2), 107-120. https://as.edu.rs/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/AS_2014-2_08.pdf
- Hashim, A. K., Weddle, H., & Irondi, O. N. (2023). District and school leaders’ continued approaches to COVID-19 pandemic recovery. Educational Policy Innovation Collaborative (EPIC). https://epicedpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ContinuedApproachestoCOVIDRecovery_Oct2023v1.pdf
- Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
- Jang, S. (2025). Tracing adult learning system development in South Korea: A historical institutional perspective. In A modern guide to adult learning systems (pp. 200-220). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035359523.00024
- Kim, C. H. (2013). 2013 annual statistical analysis report: Lifelong education statistics section (Report No. SM2013-11-03). Korea Educational Development Institute. https://www.kedi.re.kr/khome/main/research/selectPubForm.do?plNum0=10870
- Kim, D. (2024). Network analysis of attitudinal and perceptual differences in lifelong learning participants and non-participants: A nationwide survey in South Korea. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 43(2-3), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2024.2328127
- Kim, J. Y. J., Kim, E., & Lim, D. H. (2024). A meta-analysis of the effects of lifelong vocational education in South Korea. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(7-8), 749-765. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2023-0026
- Korean Educational Development Institute. (2024). Survey on lifelong learning status of Korean adults: As of December 31, 2023. Korea Educational Development Institute. https://kess.kedi.re.kr
- Korean Statistical Information Service. (2024). Lifelong learning participation rate statistics. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=334&tblId=DT_33409N_001
- Lee, H., & Lee, R. (2024). Transformation of Korean higher education in the digital era: Achievements and challenges. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 16(2), 47-55. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1427546.pdf
- Lee, J. E. (2010). Implementation of lifelong learning policies in South Korea: A world society perspective. In Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Conference (pp. 273-279). https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2010/papers/45
- Merriam, S. B., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2020). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Ministry of Education & Korean Educational Development Institute. (2015). Lifelong learning educators in Korea. National Institute for Lifelong Education. https://cradall.org/sites/default/files/2015_Lifelong_Learning_in_Korea_Vol.2_0.pdf
- Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea. (2012). Second National Lifelong Learning Promotion Plan (2008-2012). UNESCO. https://www.uil.unesco.org/en/articles/republic-korea-second-national-lifelong-learning-promotion-plan-2008-2012-issued-2008
- Ministry of Education. (2024). Lifelong learning participation rate indicator. Korea National Indicator System. https://www.index.go.kr/unity/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1555
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). OECD skills outlook 2019: Thriving in a digital world. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/df80bc12-en
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). The state of school education: One year into the COVID pandemic. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/201dde84-en
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e13bef63-en
- Rist, S. B. (2023). COVID-19 impacts on course delivery and student financial wellness in higher education. Research in Higher Education Journal, 42, 1-14. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1382965.pdf
- Rubenson, K., & Desjardins, R. (2009). The impact of welfare state regimes on barriers to participation in adult education: A bounded agency model. Adult Education Quarterly, 59(3), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713609331548
- Singh, M. (2012). UNESCO guidelines for the recognition, validation and accreditation of the outcomes of non-formal and informal learning. PLA Inside Out: An International Journal on Theory, Research and Practice in Prior Learning Assessment, 1(2). https://plainsideout.org/index.php/home/article/view/39
- So, H. J., Jang, H., & Kim, M. (2023). Trends and issues of digital learning in Korea. In Y.-F. Lee, L.-S., Lee (Eds.), Trends and issues of promoting digital learning in high-digital-competitiveness countries: Country reports and international comparison (pp. 269–310). Taiwan: TVERC, National Taiwan Normal University, K12EA Ministry of Education.
- Tett, L. (2023). Community-based adult learning: A Scottish case study in the time of COVID-19. Adult Literacy Education, 5(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.35847/LTett.5.1.21
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education—All means all (3rd ed.). UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54676/JJNK6989
- Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205
- Yang, J. (2015). Recognition, validation and accreditation of non-formal and informal learning in UNESCO member states. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232656
- Yang, M., Oh, Y., Lim, S., & Kim, T. (2023). Teaching with collective resilience during COVID-19: Korean teachers and collaborative professionalism. Teaching and Teacher Education, 126, Article 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104051
LICENSE

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.